Organic light-emitting display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

An organic light-emitting display apparatus includes: a substrate; a pixel electrode disposed on the substrate; an intermediate layer that is disposed on the pixel electrode and includes an organic light-emitting layer; a facing electrode disposed on the intermediate layer; and a thin film encapsulating layer disposed on the facing electrode, wherein the thin film encapsulating layer includes: a first inorganic film and a second inorganic film, which are disposed on the facing electrode; a first organic film that is disposed between the first inorganic film and the second inorganic film and has a first thickness; and a second organic film that is disposed on the second inorganic film and has a second thickness greater than the first thickness.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/673,923, filed Nov. 9, 2012, which claims priority to and the benefitof Korean Patent Application No. 10-2012-0075750, filed Jul. 11, 2012,the entire content of both of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The following description relates to an organic light-emitting displayapparatus and a method of manufacturing the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

An organic light-emitting display apparatus includes an organiclight-emitting device. The organic light-emitting device includes a holeinjection electrode, an electron injection electrode, and an organiclight-emitting layer formed therebetween. The organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus is an emissive type display apparatus that generateslight when an energy state of exitons generated by combinations of holesinjected from the hole injection electrode with electrons injected fromthe electron injection electrode in the organic light-emitting layerdrops to a ground state from an excited state.

The organic light-emitting display apparatus does not require anadditional light source, may be operated at a low voltage, may have alight weight thin film structure, and has a wide viewing angle, highcontrast, and short response time, and thus, is considered to be a nextgeneration display device.

However, the characteristics of the organic light-emitting displayapparatus may be degraded by penetration of external moisture or oxygen.Thus, the organic light-emitting display apparatus is sealed to protectit from external moisture or oxygen.

Recently, in order to manufacture a thin and/or flexible organiclight-emitting display apparatus, thin film encapsulation (TEE) formedof a plurality of layers that include a plurality of inorganic films ororganic films and inorganic films is used to seal the organiclight-emitting display apparatus.

However, a gas generated from the organic films included in the TFEpenetrates into the organic light-emitting display apparatus, and thus,the lifetime of the organic light-emitting display apparatus is reduced.

SUMMARY

Aspects of embodiments of the present invention are directed toward anorganic light-emitting display apparatus that has an extended lifetimeand a method of manufacturing the same.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is providedan organic light-emitting display apparatus including: a substrate; apixel electrode disposed on the substrate; an intermediate layer that isdisposed on the pixel electrode and includes an organic light-emittinglayer; a facing electrode disposed on the intermediate layer; and a thinfilm encapsulating layer disposed on the facing electrode, wherein thethin film encapsulating layer includes: a first inorganic film and asecond inorganic film, which are disposed on the facing electrode; afirst organic film that is disposed between the first inorganic film andthe second inorganic film and has a first thickness; and a secondorganic film that is disposed on the second inorganic film and has asecond thickness greater than the first thickness.

The first thickness may be 1.5 μm or less.

In one embodiment, the organic light-emitting display apparatus furtherincludes a pixel defining film that defines a pixel region and isdisposed to cover both edge regions of the pixel electrode, wherein theintermediate layer is disposed in the pixel region and a step differenceis generated between the pixel region and a non-pixel region outside ofthe pixel region.

The first inorganic film, the first organic film, and the secondinorganic film may be disposed in the pixel region and the non-pixelregion along the step difference and the second organic film may bedisposed to planarize the step difference.

In one embodiment, the thin film encapsulating layer further includes athird inorganic film disposed on the second organic film and a thirdorganic film that is disposed on the third inorganic film and has athird thickness greater than the first thickness.

The first inorganic film, the first organic film, the second inorganicfilm, the second organic film, and the third inorganic film may bedisposed in the pixel region and the non-pixel region along the stepdifference, and the third organic film may be disposed to planarize thestep difference.

The first inorganic film, the first organic film, and the secondinorganic film may be disposed in the pixel region and the non-pixelregion along the step difference, and the second organic film and thethird organic film may be disposed to planarize the step difference.

The thin film encapsulating layer may further include a plurality ofadditional inorganic films and organic films alternately disposed on thethird organic film.

The organic light-emitting display apparatus may further include aprotection layer disposed between the facing electrode and the thin filmencapsulating layer.

The substrate may be a flexible substrate.

The organic light-emitting display apparatus may further include anoptical member disposed on the thin film encapsulating layer.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided amethod of manufacturing an organic light-emitting display apparatus, themethod including: sequentially forming a pixel electrode, anintermediate layer that includes an organic light-emitting layer, and afacing electrode on a substrate; and forming a thin film encapsulatinglayer on the facing electrode, wherein the forming of the thin filmencapsulating layer includes: forming a first inorganic film on thefacing electrode; forming a first organic film having a first thicknesson the first inorganic film; forming a second inorganic film on thefirst organic film; and forming a second organic film having a secondthickness greater than the first thickness on the second inorganic film.

The forming of the first organic film may include forming the firstorganic film to have the first thickness of 1.5 μm or less.

In one embodiment, the sequentially forming of the pixel electrode, theintermediate layer that includes an organic light-emitting layer, andthe facing electrode on the substrate may include: forming the pixelelectrode on the substrate; forming the pixel defining film that definesa pixel region and covers both edge regions of the pixel electrode;forming the intermediate layer that includes an organic light-emittinglayer in the pixel region defined by the pixel defining film; andforming the facing electrode to cover the intermediate layer and thepixel defining film, wherein a step difference is formed between thepixel region and a non-pixel region outside of the pixel region.

The forming of the first inorganic film, the first organic film, and thesecond inorganic film may include forming the first inorganic film, thefirst organic film, and the second inorganic film in the pixel regionand the non-pixel region along the step difference, and the forming ofthe second organic film may include forming the second organic film toplanarize the step difference.

The forming of the thin film encapsulating layer may further include:after forming the second organic film, forming a third inorganic film onthe second organic film; and forming the third organic film having athird thickness greater than the first thickness on the third inorganicfilm.

The forming of the first inorganic film, the first organic film, thesecond inorganic film, the second organic film, and the third inorganicfilm may include forming the first inorganic film, the first organicfilm, the second inorganic film, the second organic film, and the thirdinorganic film in the pixel region and the non-pixel region along thestep difference, and the forming of the third organic film may includeforming the third organic film to planarize the step difference.

The forming of the first inorganic film, the first organic film, and thesecond inorganic film may include forming the first inorganic film, thefirst organic film, and the second inorganic film in the pixel regionand the non-pixel region along the step difference, and the forming ofthe second organic film and the third organic film may include formingthe second organic film and the third inorganic film to planarize thestep difference.

The forming of the thin film encapsulating layer may further includeforming a plurality of additional inorganic films and organic filmsalternately formed on the third organic film.

The method may further include forming a protection layer on the facingelectrode before forming the thin film encapsulating layer.

According to the organic light-emitting display apparatus and the methodof manufacturing the same according to embodiments of the presentinvention, the lifetime of the organic light-emitting display apparatusmay be increased by minimizing the thickness of the first organic filmincluded in the thin film encapsulating layer.

Also, the occurrence of black spots may be reduced by planarizing a stepdifference caused by the pixel defining film. For this purpose, thesecond organic film or the third organic film may be formed to have athickness greater than that of the first organic film.

Also, a flexible organic light-emitting display apparatus may berealized by employing the flexible substrate and the thin filmencapsulating layer as a sealing device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other features and advantages of the present inventionwill become more apparent by describing in detail exemplary embodimentsthereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a pixel region of theorganic light-emitting display apparatus of FIG. 1, according to anembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus according to another embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus according to another embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus according to another embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 6 through 8 are sequential cross-sectional views showing a methodof manufacturing the organic light-emitting display apparatus of FIG. 1,according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a graph showing changes of brightness of light according totime in the organic light-emitting display apparatus; and

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the degree of brightness reduction accordingto the thickness of a first organic film in the organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention will be described more fully with reference to theaccompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the presentinvention are shown.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a pixel regionof the organic light-emitting display apparatus of FIG. 1.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the organic light-emitting display apparatus100 includes a substrate 120, a device/wiring layer 130 formed on thesubstrate 120, a pixel electrode 141 disposed on the device/wiring layer130, an intermediate layer 142 that is disposed on the pixel electrode141 and includes an organic light-emitting layer, a facing electrode 143disposed on the intermediate layer 142, and a thin film encapsulatinglayer 150 disposed on the facing electrode 143.

The thin film encapsulating layer 150 includes a first inorganic film151 disposed on the facing electrode 143, a first organic film 152 thatis disposed on the first inorganic film 151 and has a first thicknessd1, a second inorganic film 153 disposed on the first organic film 152,and a second organic film 154 that is disposed on the second inorganicfilm 153 and has a second thickness d2.

The substrate 120 may be a flexible substrate, and may be formed of ahigh heat resistant and high durability plastic selected from the groupconsisting of polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET),polycarbonate, polyethylene naphtalate, polyarylate (PAR), andpolyetherimide. However, the present invention is not limited thereto,and the substrate 120 may be formed of various materials such as a metalor glass.

The device/wiring layer 130 may be formed on the substrate 120. Thedevice/wiring layer 130 may include a driving thin film transistor (TFT)that drives an organic light-emitting device (OLED) 140, a switchingTFT, a capacitor, or wirings connected to the driving TFT or thecapacitor.

The driving TFT includes an active layer 131, a gate electrode 133, andsource and drain electrodes 135 a and 135 b.

A barrier film 137 may be disposed between the substrate 120 and thedevice/wiring layer 130 to prevent an external material such as moistureor oxygen from penetrating into the device/wiring layer 130 and the OLED140 through the substrate 120.

The OLED 140 is disposed on the device/wiring layer 130. The OLED 140includes the pixel electrode 141, the intermediate layer 142 thatincludes an organic light-emitting layer and is disposed on the pixelelectrode 141, and the facing electrode 143 disposed on the intermediatelayer 142.

In the current embodiment, the pixel electrode 141 is an anodeelectrode, and the facing electrode 143 is a cathode electrode. However,the present invention is not limited thereto, and the pixel electrode141 may be a cathode electrode and the facing electrode 143 may be ananode electrode according to the driving method of the organiclight-emitting display apparatus 100.

Holes and electrons are respectively injected from the pixel electrode141 and the facing electrode 143 into the organic light-emitting layerincluded in the intermediate layer 142. Light is emitted when an energystate of exitons that are formed by combinations of the holes andelectrons is changed from an excited state to a ground state.

The pixel electrode 141 is electrically connected to the driving TFTformed on the device/wiring layer 130.

In the current embodiment, a structure in which the OLED 140 is disposedon the device/wiring layer 130 on which the driving TFT is disposed isdescribed, but the structure is not limited thereto. For example, astructure in which the pixel electrode 141 of the OLED 140 and theactive layer 131 of the TFT are formed on the same layer, a structure inwhich the pixel electrode 141 and the gate electrode 133 of the TFT areformed on the same layer, or a structure in which the pixel electrode141 and the source and drain electrodes 135 a and 135 b are formed onthe same layer may be used.

Also, in the driving TFT according to the current embodiment, the gateelectrode 133 is disposed on the active layer 131. However, the presentinvention is not limited thereto, and the gate electrode 133 may bedisposed under the active layer 131.

The pixel electrode 141 included in the OLED 140 according to thecurrent embodiment may be a reflective electrode, and may include areflection film formed of a material selected from the group consistingof Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, and a compound of thesematerials and a transparent or semi-transparent electrode formed on thereflection film.

The transparent or semi-transparent electrode may include at least oneselected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO), indiumzinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In₂O₃), indium galliumoxide (IGO), and aluminum zinc oxide (AZO).

The facing electrode 143 facing the pixel electrode 141 may be atransparent or semi-transparent electrode, and may be formed of a metalthin film that has a small work function and includes a metal selectedfrom the group consisting of Li, Ca, LiF/Ca, LiF/Al, Al, Ag, Mg, and acompound of these metals. Also, an auxiliary electrode or a buselectrode may further be formed on the metal thin film. The auxiliaryelectrode or a bus electrode may be formed of a transparent material forforming an electrode, such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In₂O₃.

Accordingly, the facing electrode 143 may transmit light emitted fromthe organic light-emitting layer included in the intermediate layer 142.

The organic light-emitting layer may be a low molecular weight organicmaterial or a polymer organic material. The intermediate layer 142 mayfurther optionally include a functional layer such as a hole transportlayer (HTL), a hole injection layer (HIL), an electron transport layer(ETL), and an electron injection layer (EIL) besides the organiclight-emitting layer.

The organic light-emitting display apparatus 100 may be a top emissiontype apparatus in which light emitted from the organic light-emittinglayer may be emitted towards the facing electrode 143 directly or afterbeing reflected by the pixel electrode 141.

However, the organic light-emitting display apparatus 100 according tothe current embodiment is not limited to the top emission typeapparatus, and may be a bottom emission type apparatus in which lightemitted from the organic light-emitting layer is emitted towards thesubstrate 120. In this case, the pixel electrode 141 is formed as atransparent or semi-transparent electrode, and the facing electrode 143may be formed as a reflection electrode.

Also, the organic light-emitting display apparatus 100 according to thecurrent embodiment may be a dual-side emission type apparatus in whichlight is emitted to a top direction and to a bottom direction.

The thin film encapsulating layer 150 is disposed on the facingelectrode 143, and the thin film encapsulating layer 150 may include thefirst inorganic film 151, the first organic film 152, the secondinorganic film 153, and the second organic film 154.

The first organic film 152 may have a first thickness d1, and the secondorganic film 154 may have a second thickness d2 which is greater thanthe first thickness d1.

According to the current embodiment, the substrate 120 is a flexiblesubstrate, and the thin film encapsulating layer 150 is included as asealing member, and thus, the organic light-emitting display apparatus100 having a flexible and thin film structure may be readily realized.Also, the thin film encapsulating layer 150 is disposed to directlycover the OLED 140, and thus, protects the OLED 140 from externalfactors. An additional layer such as a protective layer 170 (refer toFIG. 3) may further be formed between the thin film encapsulating layer150 and the OLED 140. However, a filler that is required for sealing aglass substrate is not required.

The first inorganic film 151 and the second inorganic film 153 may beformed of a material selected from the group consisting of a metaloxide, a metal nitride, a metallic carbide, and a compound formed ofthese materials, for example, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, or asilicon nitride. The first inorganic film 151 and the second inorganicfilm 153 prevent external moisture or oxygen from penetrating into theOLED 140.

The first organic film 152 and the second organic film 154 may be formedof a polymer organic compound, for example, may include acrylate orurethane acrylate.

The first and second organic films 152 and 154 reduce internal stress ofthe first and second inorganic films 151 and 153 or compensate fordefects of and planarize the first and second inorganic films 151 and153.

The first and second organic films 152 and 154 included in the organiclight-emitting display apparatus 100 according to the current embodimenthave thicknesses different from each other, and the second organic film154 has a thickness d2 greater than the thickness d1 of the firstorganic film 152.

Referring to FIG. 2, a pixel defining film 160 is disposed on both edgeregions of the pixel electrode 141 included in the OLED 140, and theintermediate layer 142 is disposed in the region defined by the pixeldefining film 160. A step difference is formed by the pixel definingfilm 160 having a set or predetermined thickness between a pixel regionand a non-pixel region outside of the pixel region.

The facing electrode 143 is disposed along the step difference to coverthe pixel defining film 160 and the intermediate layer 142, and the thinfilm encapsulating layer 150 that seals the OLED 140 is disposed on thefacing electrode 143.

At this point, the first inorganic film 151, the first organic film 152,and the second inorganic film 153, which are disposed on a lower side ofthe thin film encapsulating layer 150, are sequentially disposed on thefacing electrode 143 along the step difference.

In general, organic films included in a thin film encapsulating layerare formed to have a set or predetermined thickness to have aplanarizing function. However, the first organic film 152 included inorganic light-emitting display apparatus 100 according to the currentembodiment is formed to have a thickness d1, not thick enough to performa planarizing function.

The first organic film 152 may be formed of a polymer organic compound,and at this point, an outgassing phenomenon may occur in the polymerorganic compound, and the gas generated from the polymer organiccompound may penetrate towards the OLED 140.

Although the first inorganic film 151 is disposed between the OLED 140and the first organic film 152, since the first inorganic film 151 isformed along the step difference caused by the pixel defining film 160,the first inorganic film 151 may not completely block the penetration ofa gas generated from the first organic film 152 into the OLED 140.

Accordingly, the OLED 140 may be degraded by the infiltrated gas, and asa result, the lifetime of the organic light-emitting display apparatus100 is reduced.

However, the first organic film 152 included in the organiclight-emitting display apparatus 100 according to the current embodimentis formed to have a very thin thickness d1. The first organic film 152may reduce or minimize the discharge of gas, and thus, may increase thelifetime of the organic light-emitting display apparatus 100.

The thickness d1 of the first organic film 152 may be 1.5 μm or less,which will be described below.

The second inorganic film 153 and the second organic film 154 aredisposed on the first organic film 152. The second organic film 154 hasa thickness d2 thick enough to planarize the step difference caused bythe pixel defining film 160.

If the step difference caused by the pixel defining film 160 is notplanarized by the thin film encapsulating layer 150, the thin film maybe damaged by an external pressure, which may lead to occurrence ofblack spots in the organic light-emitting display apparatus.

In the organic light-emitting display apparatus 100 according to thecurrent embodiment, the first organic film 152 is formed to have athickness d1, not thick enough to perform a planarizing function but tominimize the discharge of the gas. Accordingly, in order to prevent theoccurrence of black spots, the second organic film 154 is formed to havea thickness d2, thick enough to planarize the step difference.

Accordingly, the lifetime of the organic light-emitting displayapparatus 100 may be increased and the occurrence of black spots may beprevented.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus 200 according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

The organic light-emitting display apparatus 200 according to thecurrent embodiment will be described mainly with regard to thedifferences between the organic light-emitting display apparatus 200 andthe organic light-emitting display apparatus 100 of FIGS. 1 and 2.

Referring to FIG. 3, the organic light-emitting display apparatus 200has the same structure as the organic light-emitting display apparatus100 of FIGS. 1 and 2 except that the protection layer 170 is disposedbetween the facing electrode 143 and the thin film encapsulating layer150 and an optical member 180 is disposed on the thin film encapsulatinglayer 150.

The protection layer 170 may include a capping layer 171 and a blockinglayer 172. The capping layer 171 may be formed of an organic materialselected from the group consisting of a-NPD, NPB, TPD, m-MTDATA, Alq₃,and CuPc, and may protect the OLED 140 and help light generated from theOLED 140 to be effectively emitted.

The blocking layer 172 may be formed of an inorganic material selectedfrom the group consisting of LiF, MgF₂, and CaF₂, and blocks plasma usedin a process of forming the thin film encapsulating layer 150 frompenetrating into the OLED 140 since the plasma may damage theintermediate layer 142 and the facing electrode 143.

The optical member 180 may be disposed on the thin film encapsulatinglayer 150. The optical member 180 may include a phase retarder 181 and apolarizer 182, and the phase retarder 181 may be a λ/4 plate.

The optical member 180 according to the current embodiment increasesvisibility and contrast of the organic light-emitting display apparatus200.

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus 300 according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

Referring to FIG. 4, the organic light-emitting display apparatus 3 hasthe same structure as the organic light-emitting display apparatus 100of FIGS. 1 and 2 except that the thin film encapsulating layer 150further includes a third inorganic film 155 and a third organic film 156having a third thickness d3 greater than the first thickness d1 of thefirst organic film 152 on the third inorganic film 155.

The organic light-emitting display apparatus 300 according to thecurrent embodiment includes the first inorganic film 151, the firstorganic film 152, the second inorganic film 153, the second organic film154, and the third inorganic film 155, which are disposed in the pixelregion and the non-pixel region along a step difference caused by thepixel defining film 160, and the third organic film 156 having a thirdthickness d3 is disposed on the third inorganic film 155.

That is, the first and second organic films 152 and 154 are formed tohave thicknesses not thick enough to planarize the step differencecaused by the pixel defining film 160, and the third organic film 156planarizes the step difference caused by the pixel defining film 160.

The outgassing phenomenon, that is, the discharge of a gas from thefirst and second organic films 152 and 154 may be reduced or minimizedby the above configuration, and a gas discharged from the third organicfilm 156 is effectively blocked by the first inorganic film 151, thesecond inorganic film 153, and the third inorganic film 155.Accordingly, the degradation of the intermediate layer 142 by the gaspenetration into the OLED 140 may be reduced.

Accordingly, the lifetime of the organic light-emitting displayapparatus 300 may be increased, and the occurrence of black spots in theorganic light-emitting display apparatus 300 may also be prevented sincethe step difference caused by the pixel defining film 160 is planarizedby the third organic film 156.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus 400 according to another embodiment of the presentinvention.

Referring to FIG. 5, the organic light-emitting display apparatus 300has the same structure as the organic light-emitting display apparatus100 of FIGS. 1 and 2 except that the thin film encapsulating layer 150further includes a third inorganic film 155 disposed on the secondorganic film 154, and a third organic film 156 having a third thicknessd3 greater than the first thickness d1 of the first organic film 152 onthe third inorganic film 155, and a fourth inorganic film 157 disposedon the third organic film 156.

The organic light-emitting display apparatus 400 according to thecurrent embodiment includes the first inorganic film 151, the firstorganic film 152, and the second inorganic film 153, which are disposedin the pixel region and the non-pixel region along a step differencecaused by the pixel defining film 160, and the second organic film 154and the third organic film 156 respectively having set or predeterminedthicknesses d2 and d3 are disposed on the second inorganic film 153. Thethird inorganic film 155 is disposed between the second organic film 154and the third organic film 156.

That is, the first organic film 152 is formed to have a thickness d1,not thick enough to planarize the step difference caused by the pixeldefining film 160, and the step difference may be planarized by thesecond organic film 154 and the third organic film 156.

The outgassing phenomenon, that is, the discharge of a gas from thefirst organic film 152, may be reduced or minimized by the aboveconfiguration, and the thicknesses of the second organic film 154 andthe third organic film 156 may be selected in consideration of theincrease in the lifetime and the reduction of occurrence of black spotsof the organic light-emitting display apparatus 400.

The organic light-emitting display apparatus 400 according to thecurrent embodiment may further include a fourth inorganic film 157 onthe third organic film 156. That is, the penetration of externalmoisture or oxygen may further be blocked by disposing an inorganic filmon an outermost side of the thin film encapsulating layer 150.

However, the organic light-emitting display apparatus according to thepresent invention is not limited to the structures of the organiclight-emitting display apparatuses 100, 200, 300, and 400 respectivelyshown in FIGS. 1, 3, 4, and 5. That is, the organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus according to the present invention may further includea plurality of additional inorganic films and organic films, which arealternately disposed on the second organic film 154 or the third organicfilm 156, and at this point, the number of stacking of the inorganicfilms and the organic films are not limited.

Also, an organic film or an inorganic film may be disposed on anoutermost side of the thin film encapsulating layer 150.

Also, in the organic light-emitting display apparatuses 100, 300, and400 of FIGS. 1, 4, and 5, the protection layer 170 may be disposedbetween the OLED 140 and the thin film encapsulating layer 150 as in theorganic light-emitting display apparatus 200 of FIG. 3, and the opticalmember 180 may be disposed on the thin film encapsulating layer 150.

A method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting display apparatus100 according to an embodiment of the present invention will now bedescribed.

FIGS. 6 through 8 are sequential cross-sectional views showing a methodof manufacturing the organic light-emitting display apparatus 100 ofFIG. 1, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Referring to FIG. 6, the device/wiring layer 130 and the OLED 140 thatincludes the pixel electrode 141, the intermediate layer 142 thatincludes an organic light-emitting layer, and the facing electrode 143are formed on the substrate 120.

The substrate 120 may be a flexible substrate that may be disposed on acarrier substrate formed of a material such as glass that supports theflexible substrate. The carrier substrate may be removed in the courseof processes or after all of the processes are completed.

As described above, the substrate 120 may be formed of a plastic havinga high thermal resistance and durability. However, the present inventionis not limited thereto, and the substrate 120 may be formed of variousmaterials such as a metal or glass.

The device/wiring layer 130 may include the driving TFT (refer to FIG.2) that drives the OLED 140, a capacitor, and wirings.

The pixel electrode 141, the intermediate layer 142, and the facingelectrode 143 are sequentially formed on the device/wiring layer 130.

The pixel electrode 141 may not necessarily be a reflection electrode,and the facing electrode 143 may be a transparent or semi-transparentelectrode. Accordingly, light emitted from the organic light-emittinglayer included in the intermediate layer 142 may be emitted towards thefacing electrode 143 directly or after being reflected by the pixelelectrode 141.

A resonance structure may be realized by the pixel electrode 141 and thefacing electrode 143 by forming the facing electrode 143 as asemi-transparent electrode.

However, the organic light-emitting display apparatus 100 according tothe current embodiment is not limited thereto. Thus, the organiclight-emitting display apparatus 100 may be configured to emit lighttowards the substrate 120 by forming the pixel electrode 141 as atransparent or semi-transparent electrode and the facing electrode 143as a reflection electrode.

The organic light-emitting layer included in the intermediate layer 142may be formed of a low molecular weight organic material or a polymerorganic material. Also, a functional layer as described above may beoptionally formed between the pixel electrode 141 and the facingelectrode 143 besides the organic light-emitting layer.

In the current embodiment, the OLED 140 is disposed on the device/wiringlayer 130. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, andthe device/wiring layer 130 and the OLED 140 may be formed on the samelayer.

Referring to FIG. 7, the first inorganic film 151 and the first organicfilm 152 are formed on the OLED 140.

At this point, the first inorganic film 151 may be formed of a materialselected from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal nitride, ametallic carbide, and a compound of these materials, for example,aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, or silicon nitride. The first organicfilm 152 may be formed of a polymer organic compound selected from thegroup consisting of epoxy, acrylate, and urethane acrylate.

Here, as described above, the first organic film 152 is formed to have athickness d1 which is not thick enough to planarize a step differencecaused by the pixel defining film 160 (refer to FIG. 2) for reducing orminimizing a gas discharge phenomenon. The first organic film 152 mayhave a thickness d1 of 1.5 μm or less.

Referring to FIG. 8, the second inorganic film 153 and the secondorganic film 154 are formed on the first organic film 152.

The second inorganic film 153 may be formed of a material selected fromthe group consisting of a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metalliccarbide, and a compound of these materials, or may be formed of the samematerial used to form the first inorganic film 151.

The second organic film 154 may be a polymer organic compound, and maybe formed to have a thickness d2 which is thick enough to planarize astep difference caused by the pixel defining film 160 (refer to FIG. 2)for reducing or minimizing the occurrence of black spots in the organiclight-emitting display apparatus 100. The second organic film 154 mayhave a thickness d2 greater than the thickness d1 of the first organicfilm 152.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the changes of brightness of light accordingto time in the organic light-emitting display apparatus 100. FIG. 10 isa graph showing the degree of brightness reduction according to thethickness d1 of the first organic film 152 in the organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 9 shows the changes of brightness reduction (vertical axis)according to time (horizontal axis) when the thicknesses d1 of the firstorganic film 152 are 0.2 μm, 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 1.5 μm, and 3 μm,respectively.

FIG. 9 shows measuring results of changes of brightness reduction of theorganic light-emitting display apparatus 100 at room temperature as theroom temperature is an important factor for determining the lifetime ofthe organic light-emitting display apparatus 100.

From the graph of FIG. 9, it is confirmed that, as the thickness d1 ofthe first organic film 152 is increased, brightness is rapidly reducedaccording to time. That is, the lifetime of the organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus 100 is reduced.

FIG. 10 shows the degree of brightness reduction (vertical axis) after240 hours at room temperature when the thicknesses d1 of the firstorganic film 152 are 0.2 μm, 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 1.5 μm, and 3 μm,respectively.

From the graph of FIG. 10, it is confirmed that, as the thickness d1 ofthe first organic film 152 is increased, the brightness is remarkablyreduced after 240 hours of elapsed time. When the thickness d1 of thefirst organic film 152 is 3 μm, the brightness value is reduced to92.3%.

Accordingly, the first organic film 152 may be formed to have athickness d1 of 1.5 μm or less in consideration of the manufacturingprocess of the first organic film 152 and the degree of brightnessreduction.

As described above, according to the organic light-emitting displayapparatuses 100, 200, 300, and 400 according to the embodiments of thepresent invention, the lifetime of the organic light-emitting displayapparatuses 100, 200, 300, and 400 may be increased by reducing thethickness d1 of the first organic film 152 included in the thin filmencapsulating layer 150, and the occurrence of black spots may bereduced by forming the second organic film 154 or the third organic film156 to have a thickness d2 or d3 greater than the thickness d1 of thefirst organic film 152 to planarize a step difference caused by thepixel defining film 160.

While the present invention has been particularly shown and describedwith reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understoodby those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form anddetails may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scopeof the present invention as defined by the following claims, andequivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. An organic light-emitting display apparatuscomprising: a substrate; a pixel electrode on the substrate; anintermediate layer on the pixel electrode and comprising an organiclight-emitting layer; a facing electrode on the intermediate layer; anda thin film encapsulating layer on the facing electrode, wherein thethin film encapsulating layer comprises: a first inorganic film and asecond inorganic film, the first and second inorganic films being on thefacing electrode; a first organic film between the first inorganic filmand the second inorganic film and having a first thickness; a secondorganic film on the second inorganic film and having a second thicknessgreater than the first thickness; and a protection layer between thefacing electrode and the thin film encapsulating layer.
 2. The organiclight-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the protectionlayer comprises a capping layer and a blocking layer.
 3. The organiclight-emitting display apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first thicknessis 1.5 μm or less.
 4. The organic light-emitting display apparatus ofclaim 1, further comprising a pixel defining film covering both edgeregions of the pixel electrode and defining a pixel region, wherein theintermediate layer is in the pixel region defined by the pixel definingfilm and a step difference is generated between the pixel region definedby the pixel defining film and a non-pixel region outside of the pixelregion.
 5. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 4,wherein the first inorganic film, the first organic film, and the secondinorganic film are in the pixel region and the non-pixel region alongthe step difference, and the second organic film is disposed toplanarize the step difference.
 6. The organic light-emitting displayapparatus of claim 4, wherein the first inorganic film, the firstorganic film, and the second inorganic film are in the pixel region andthe non-pixel region along the step difference, and the second organicfilm is disposed to planarize the step difference.
 7. The organiclight-emitting display apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first inorganicfilm, the first organic film, the second inorganic film, the secondorganic film, and the third inorganic film are in the pixel region andthe non-pixel region along the step difference, and the third organicfilm is disposed to planarize the step difference.
 8. The organiclight-emitting display apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first inorganicfilm, the first organic film, and the second inorganic film are in thepixel region and the non-pixel region along the step difference, and thesecond organic film and the third organic film are disposed to planarizethe step difference.
 9. The organic light-emitting display apparatus ofclaim 6, wherein the thin film encapsulating layer further comprises aplurality of additional inorganic films and organic films alternatelydisposed on the third organic film.
 10. The organic light-emittingdisplay apparatus of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a flexiblesubstrate.
 11. The organic light-emitting display apparatus of claim 1,further comprising an optical member on the thin film encapsulatinglayer.